The Republic Of Plato s Republic - 865 Words

Though we’ve discussed many kinds of governments, ideal cities and even ideal rulers over the course of the semester, from Aristotle’s Politics to the city described in the Melian dialogue, there is one that undoubtedly left a greater on me than the other- the city described in Plato’s Republic. From Plato’s remarkably feminist ideals and vague sense of barebones socialism, there’s a lot in this city that I hypothetically would throw my support behind. This is not to say that I think that this is the â€Å"best† option of the cities that we studied options, or even that it would even work if applied to real life. However, the ideas brought up about how to create this city and what would be required of all it’s citizens in order to make it work are undeniably fascinating and are never black or white. But what I love about the Republic, and why it so personally resonates with and has impacted me, is that it brings up interesting question s about morality and how far one should go in order to create a perceived â€Å"perfect society†. Questions that there is no easy answer to. First and foremost, I want to talk about Plato’s ideas of specialization and what it entails. In the book, Before Socrates has begun building his perfect city, he is asked what Justice is. A long conversation and debate ensues where finally Socrates essentially says that justice is filling out your role in society. This turns out to be a pillar in the society he will create, seeing as his ideal city is dependentShow MoreRelatedThe Republic Of Plato s Republic893 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s Republic Plato aims to show from book 1 that justice has intrinsic value to itself, that it gives one a more satisfying pursuit of life. In book I, he retorts Thrasymachus account that justice is the advantage of the stronger. Initially this makes sense that if justice were defined by state law, then the entirety of nations, differing in laws, would be unified by the principle of rule by force, in which the strong create the law. They would do so to suit their own specific needsRead MoreIs Plato s The Republic? Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pageshave similar influences on people. One such text is Plato’s The Republic. As said by Professor Jon Dorbolo of Oregon State University, â€Å"The Republic is considered by many to be Plato s masterwork. It certainly is one of the most important texts of political theory.† While reading this text, several different messages begin to reveal themselves throughout the text. Some of the most important ideas that can be found within Plato’s Republic, include, humans are inherently good, people should perform tasksRead MorePlato And Plato s Republic1119 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesThe ancient Greek Philosopher Plato had an interest in finding the ideal government. In Plato’s Republic, he discusses his ideas and views of how this ideal government would function. He believed that people are born into 3 different classes, with different responsibilities (Plato 415a). Only people in the â€Å"golden† class were fit to rule. The most effective of these rulers would be philosophers, as they have knowledge of the good of the whole (Plato 473d). This system seems too perfect for me. IRead MoreThe Life Of Plato s The Republic1340 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the early books of Plato’s The Republic, Socrates and his interlocutors Adeimantus, Polemarchus, Glaucon, Thrasymachus, and to a lesser extent Cephalus, explore what it means to be just and why justice is preferable to injustice. This topic was brought up in a monologue from Cephalus, who is an old patriarch that represents Greek tradition and thus offers a traditional view of justice. One by one, all of the interlocutors attempt to define justice, with Socrates disagreeing with at leastRead MoreComparing Plato s Republic, The Philosopher And Plato965 Words   |  4 PagesIn Plato s Republic, the philosopher is sitting having a discussion with his fellow peers and friends. During this conversation each character except Plato offers their opening and reasoning on the question, what is justice. For the majority of the book Plato outlines almost every aspect of his ideal city. Within this city Plato has set up many rules in order for the city to remain just. All the way from mating rituals to who should rule, virtually all factors have been thought of and serves a specificRead MoreAnalysis of Plato ´s Republic974 Words   |  4 PagesRepublic, perhaps Plato’s most famous work focusing on justice and its values, is also home to Socrates’ unique ideas and the challenges that he faces throughout his dialogues with other philosophers. Nevert heless, justice is not the only topic that Plato examines in his work. In the Republic, a simple discussion of the justice and the different characteristics of cities, escalates into a discussion about the souls of individuals. Socrates starts out by offering an agreement to the fact that sinceRead MoreComparing Plato s The Republic957 Words   |  4 Pagesrulers change their ways as well as do what they can for the good of their people. In Plato’s The Republic, the character Socrates argues with his peers about what makes the perfect society, as well as the perfect leader. According to Plato, the wisest choice for a ruler in a near perfect society is a philosopher, containing multiple important attributes. A wide variety of characteristics are covered, yet Plato seems to focus in on several key foundations. Plato’s views on essential traits of a philosopherRead MorePlato s Republic As A Guide883 Words   |  4 PagesLet me tell you about â€Å"the perfect republic. † First, I’ll describe it to you using Plato’s Republic as a guide. Then, I’ll explain whether it is better to live in Plato’s republic or in a timarchy, oligarchy, democracy, or a tyranny. Plato’s books create an ideal city where there are the producers (farmers, craftsmen, etc.), the auxiliaries, also known as the warriors, and the guardians, they are the rulers of this city. Each of these groups must perform its job, and only that one job, and eachRead MorePlato s The Republic And Aristotle933 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s The Republic and Aristotle’s The Politics are two classic texts in ancient Greek political thought. Although Plato taught Aristotle, the two philosophers had differing viewpoints on many subjects, one of them being the purpose of political rule. Plato believed that the purpose of political rule is to allow for the manifestation of a just city where both the city and its citizens are in harmony due to a specialization of roles according to individuals’ natures, whereas Aristotle believed thatRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Plato s Republic973 Words   |  4 PagesWhy Be Moral Plato is one of histories most prominent philosophers who studied under the philosopher, Socrates. He is well known for his book, Republic, which presents different philosophical concepts including the concept of justice and how it is always in the individual’s best interest to be just. In this book we meet Thrasymachus, a Sophist, who has an opposing view on the value of justice. Plato’s notion of justice conflicts with that of Thrasymachus and possible consequences of morality are

Personal Selling Strategy Dress Code Essay - 884 Words

Personal Selling Strategy Dress Code Businesses first line of personal selling begins with their worker’s experience, i.e. when the customer will form an opinion of the employee. Our business will be unusual when it comes to the dress code. Tattoo and or piercing shops are not held to the same standards as corporate/other forms of employment. In our business we will be going against the norm and require that our artist employees have at least one visible tattoo and preferably one piercing. This is due to the simple fact that someone who wishes to get a tattoo would prefer that the individual performing the work have tattoos themselves. The idea boils down to our company’s preferred image in how we do business and how our customer’s confidence in our employees is solidified. With this being said, Tatts2Go employees will dress in a semi professional manner which highlights both their personal artwork whilst remaining tasteful. Closed toed shoes will be required, and at no time will long sleeve shirts be allowed. For male artists the ideal attire would include jeans, tennis shoes and a collared or styled short sleeved shirt. For the female artists they should wear tank top style shirts with jeans and or skirt based on their preference. At the end of the day the way our employees dress should reflect our image of quality tattoo services provided in a clean, specialized manner. Customer Approach The next piece of personal selling after appearance is the methodShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Macy s Inc.1665 Words   |  7 Pagesand strategies must be directed toward providing a localized merchandise offering and shopping experience to targeted consumers through dynamic online sites. Aggressive implementation of the company’s customer-centric strategies by a talented, experienced organization will provide Macy’s, Inc. with an important competitive edge. 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The department will also be responsible for dealing with any customer confusion and or concerns. Marketing Department The Marketing Department will be responsible for developing marketing and advertising strategies for Global Bridge and its clientele. Business Management Department The Business Management Department will be responsible for the day-to-day activities and long-term vision at Global Bridge. The department will also be held responsible for creatingRead MoreTiffany Co1527 Words   |  7 Pagescompetition? Customers around the world trust and respect the brand. This customer loyalty is what the company believes is a critical element in the jewelry industry. Tiffany’s believes, however, that its customer base can expand. The company‘s strategy for enhancing potential customers’ awareness is to advertise and expand its public relations programs. This would include activities like educating customers about the brand and its fine products. For example, Tiffany’s has advertised its productsRead MoreThe Effects of Neuromarketing in Consumer Behavior2060 Words   |  9 Pagesthe book Buy-ology by Martin Lindstrom, which talks a about a Neuromarketing study that used 2,000 volunteers from around the world and related to the concepts learned in Consumer Behavior class. A personal consumption Journal is an excellent source of information that describes in detail my personal consumption experiences helping me to be more attentive of my consumer habits when marketers try to influence my judgment towards a product. The journal of Stephen J Gould states that â€Å"introspectionRead MoreHow Business Models And Theories Can Be Implemented By Management Essay1857 Words   |  8 Pagesimplemented by management in the travel and tourism industry to develop a successful customer service strategies which in turn influence loyalty behaviour. The creation of loyal customers is the key to the growth of any business and the way to satisfy customers. It also explains the best practice for resolving potential conflict situations to maintain quality customer relationship and effective selling. Quality customer service is an asset to the growth of a company. Quality customer service is moreRead MoreBarneys Marketing Plan1630 Words   |  7 Pagesin customersâ€℠¢ everyday lives. In an harsh retail climate, accessories are faring better than apparel because they are relatively inexpensive wardrobe updates. The items that can be worked into what customers already have in their wardrobes are selling. 3-1. Performance review žDistribution: Barneys has 9 Flagships(New York City, Beverly Hills, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, Chestnut Hill, Las Vegas, Dallas, and Seattle), 18 Co-op stores and 13 outlets in the U.S. The Madison Avenue and BeverlyRead MoreOrganization Function of Management1609 Words   |  7 Pagescompany, whether buying, selling or leasing assets. Human resources are assets that are non-tangible, and must be managed differently. Human Resources Management The management strategies in the human resources division must be changed over the years to keep up with the updates and constant change with technology. When hiring new employees, the human resources section must follow certain regulations. Before an interview, the interviewers must follow a checklist. Personal and professional references

Strategies of Commonwealth Bank-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: Discuss about the Commonwealth Bank and its Strategy to enter Indian Market. Answers: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the Australian company called Commonwealth Bank and its strategy to enter Indian market. The international banks and their entry India go back in nineteenth century when the economy understood the need of modern and advanced banking services with uniform remittances and currency by the army of UK and other civil servants. The earliest time for the banking organization was associated with joint stock banks, presidency banks and agency houses that were settled as the concept of banks and this happened during the time of British rule in the country (Singh Gatina, 2015). Aim The report will discuss about the CBA entry in India. The bank is actually a multinational bank and the bank is operating in countries like New Zealand, USA, Asia, Fiji and UK. The bank is commonly referred as CBA and provides so many kinds of financial services which also works with the different services of banking like the retail factors and the institutional and the business development, management of funds, insurance, broking services and investment. Situation analysis Business environment Political: As per the analysis, India is considered to be the country of democratic world with federal based government. The current political environment is impacted by features like policies from government, interest of political and varied ideologies of many political parties because of which the business environment in the country is greatly impacted by so many types of political features (Parwada et al, 2015). Economic: the present economy of the country is stable and this is why, there has been introduction of many kinds of industrial based reform policies which were introduced in 1991. According to the policy, there has been decreased in the licensing, concept of liberalization of international capital, forming of FIBP with continuous improvement of economic environment. Social: the factors associated to any kind of transformation that can influence the present business environment. For example, there is rise in population of aged people and it is resulting in rise in cost of pensions and also results in the employment of old employees. Technological: technology impacted the development of product and also introduced cost cutting procedure. The country is also serving with technologies like 3G and 4 G which later have facilitated many technology based projects. In addition, the country also possesses some of the strongest IT sector worldwide and also promotes the concept of development in IT fields with constant software upgrade and advancement of technology (Lang, 2017). Legal and environment: recently there are a number of legal transformations that have executed in the country like minimum wage rise, recycling and discrimination in disability that has directly impacted businesses. As a result, the environment along with the quality of the air in the country has been impacted in adverse manner by the concept of urbanization and industrialization which further resulted in many health based issues (Islam et al, 2016). Market Analysis The present banking system in India consist of twenty seven banks in public sector, twenty six banks in private sector, forty six global banks, around fifty six rural banks, approximately sixteen hundred cooperative banks and approx. one lakhs of rural based cooperative banks along with cooperative credit based organizations. It is important to understand in this industry that the seventy percent of banking industry is controlled by public sector banks which leave a very small scope for the private sector banks (Islam et al, 2016). Banking organizations are constantly motivating the consumers to effectively manage their finances by using mobile phones as well. There is increased level of spending as well on the infrastructure with rapid execution on the projects and continues to reform that are expected to give additional impetus for development. All such features advise that the banking sector of the country is also poised for the development as the rapid development of business tha t will turn the banks for the needs of any kinds of credits. In addition, when there is advancement in the level of technology that has bought the internet banking and mobile services to the core. The present banking sector is also laying a lot of attention on giving improved level of services for the clients and it also upgrades the technology based infrastructure to increase the overall experience of the customers along with banks provides a competitive edge. There are number of banks that includes, HDFC, AXIS and ICICI are exploring varied options to establish contact less debit as well as credit cards in the market in sometime in future. The cards also utilizes close field based communication which is also called as NFC related methods and it will permit the consumers to transact without swiping and inserting the cards (Tiwari et al, 2016). Competitive analysis There are around forty three international banks from approx. twenty six nations working as branches and there are forty six banks operating in more than twenty two nations operating as number of representative offices. At the same time, the overall discussion around different methods of licensing which is can be nascent and there is one international bank which presents as a credit card issue with restricted banking license. Moreover, there is a number of international bank that have also entered the country through the NBFC routes with large number have settled captive base in the nation (Demirer et al, 2017). International banks present that country as a main representative office with usual correspondent association with banking with local banks and provide with useful platform for international banks to access options for the international currency that lends to Indian institutions and corporate. Organizational analysis The bank discussed in the report is Commonwealth bank where banking is far more than the actual time of real time work and with apps on Smartphone also claims that technology leadership is actually the future. The launch of the app on iPhones, the bank has become the second largest bank in the country and it is also associating with number of technologies. The technology helps in updating to analysis and media in this country and it was designed to prove it to make development (Kappil et al, 2016). In the present time, the competitive advantage of the bank is the application designed with advanced technologies and introduces the last three world leaders, with number of experts who taking the values from the technological advancement. Strength The bank is the owner of many brands like ASB bank, Commonwealth Securities Ltd. and Insurance Ltd and Bankwest. The bank also operates in so many countries and the international policies of the organization are quite strong. The bank is also considered as one of the biggest Australian listed as a company on securities exchange of the country. The organization is also considered as one of the big four banks of Australia, in the similar league as National Australian bank, ANZ and Westpac (Kumar et al, 2016). The organization also provides varied services like consumer based banking, insurance, corporate level banking with investment based banking. The organization also manages international or global wealth management, credit cards and mortgages. Weaknesses The bank has faced a lot of controversies which was initiated by different action based group and varied websites known as Unhappy Banking or experience for the customers. The finance based strength rated through Moody provided for the organization is B- in the current time (Choudhury, 2013). Opportunities Execution based on technology is based on the core banking functions that will assist the bank to raise the level of quality of services and therefore there is also rise in the overall reach. The initiative like one Commbank also assists in building relationships with the consumers which is very crucial for sustainable development (Choudhury, 2013). Expanding of operations in Asia in countries likes India and there are other emerging market will also help the bank to have long term development. Threats Functions of bank and profitability are also impacted by the confidence of investor in the international economy. A weak outlook in economics can further lead to stagnant development. The organization can also face some kind of risk because of the transformation in foreign exchange as the operations are based on many kinds of geographies. The bank can be faced as a default level risk because to counter based party which cannot meet the obligation with right influx (Choudhury, 2013). Conclusion As per the latest reports, India is facing a lot of challenges as far as foreign banks are concerned. In fact, the one branch of Commonwealth Bank in Australia shut down its operations after the exit of other global banks because of the tough competition and the fluctuating economy. With the development through innovation and the infrastructure, with the business management and the improvement of the professional forms. The integration supply and the drainages systems includes the re-use with the majority set for the efficiency in the long run. Recommendations PESTLE factors work on the major threats with the fast economic growth, with the stability of the democratic government that leads to the development of the strong institutions. The low levels of the corruption and the higher levels of the economic freedom works on the great location with the expansion into the controlled forms. According to the current trend, fast developing nations like India has actually ceased to main priority for many global and multinational banks since there is financial crisis and as the high capital and regulatory based needs at home have forced the banks to retreat into local markets for cost saving and protect the level of profitability (Pradhan, 2014). References Choudhury, K. (2013). Service quality and customers purchase intentions: an empirical study of the Indian banking sector.International Journal of Bank Marketing,31(7), 529-543. Demirer, M., Diebold, F. X., Liu, L., Y?lmaz, K. (2017).Estimating global bank network connectedness(No. w23140). National Bureau of Economic Research. Islam, M. A., Jain, A., Thomson, D. (2016). Does the global reporting initiative influence sustainability disclosures in Asia-Pacific banks?.Australasian Journal of Environmental Management,23(3), 298-313. Kappil, E., Sheppy, B., McIntosh, B. (2016). Commentary: The Feasibility of a Human Milk Bank in Kerala State, India. Kumar, M., Charles, V., Mishra, C. S. (2016). Evaluating the performance of indian banking sector using DEA during post-reform and global financial crisis.Journal of Business Economics and Management,17(1), 156-172. Lang, I. H. (2017). The Winners.Catalyst. Parwada, J. T., Lau, K., Ruenzi, S. (2015). The Impact of Pillar 3 Disclosures on Asymmetric Information and Liquidity in Bank Stocks: Multi-Country Evidence. Pradhan, R. (2014). Z score estimation for Indian banking sector.International journal of trade, economics and finance,5(6), 516. Singh, S., Gatina, L. (2015). Money flows two ways between transnational families in Australia and India.South Asian Diaspora,7(1), 33-47. Tiwari, V. K., Kumar, K., Kulkarni, P. D. (2016). Standards, Frameworks and Practices in Health Management Information and Evaluation Systems (HMIES) in Australia and India: Lessons for Future Transition in India?.Journal of Health Management,18(1), 70-83.

The Hartley Collection of Victorian Illustration Essay Example For Students

The Hartley Collection of Victorian Illustration Essay In 1955 the finest private collection of Victorian illustrations ever formed was pur chased for the Boston Museum of Fine Arts by Henry P. Rossiter, then curator of the Department of Prints and Drawings. The collection had been assembled around the turn of the century by an Englishman. Harold T. Hartley, and was sold to the Boston Museum after his death by his son, Sir Harold Hartley. The years between 1855 and 1875 were referred to as the golden decades of il lustration by Hartley and others knowledgeable in this field, and most of the collec tion is concerned with illustrations of this era, although some important forerunners and successors of the sixties† artists arc also included. More than 200 artists are rep resented by more than 1,000 unbound wood engravings, about 300 preparatory draw ings, 83 original woodblocks, and almost 500 bound volumes, including sets of the notable illustrated magazines of the sixties. In addition to the works themselves, there are significant d ocuments relating to the art of illustration in the Victorian period, in cluding a collection of manuscript letters written by or about various artists and their engravers, and a collection of books about the illustrators of the sixties which were published in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century and which are now quite rare themselves. We will write a custom essay on The Hartley Collection of Victorian Illustration specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hartleys collection contains not just the work of a few major artists but work repre senting over two hundred illustrators. This enables us to see a complete range of qual ity as well as the influence various artists had on one another. He collected a variety of objects, including prints, drawings, and woodblocks, which show several stages of the wood engravers technique as it was refined for the purposes of the illustrators of the sixties. Few collections of Victorian illustrations of this quality exist, with perhaps only the British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London having compara ble collections. Between 1855 and 1875 the art of book illustration in England reached a high point. The technique of wood engraving was a cheap reproductive means that could achieve many of the same effects as etching and engraving on metal plates. A rediscovery of wood engraving was made by Thomas Bewick at the very beginning of the nineteenth century, and by the 1850s there was a subs tantial group of commercial wood en gravers, such as the Dalzicl brothers, Joseph Swain, and Edward Whymper, who were able to render designs onto wood with great delicacy. The designers of the illustra lions were often the famous painters of the time, such as Sir John Millais or Sir Edward Leighton. Because wood was so much less expensive than metal plates, with the re finement of the wood engraving techniques illustrated publications of good quality were available to the general public for the first time. No book that was destined to attain popularity in the 1860‘s would have been published without illustrations, and in fact the public’s demand for these mass-produced images was so great that a num ber of periodicals came out featuring stories and poems illustrated with wood engrav ings designed by well-known artists. One of the main attractions of the Hartley Collection is that the variety of objects makes various stages of the technique involved in wood engraving clear to us. The black and white process begins with the artists preparatory sketch on paper. In the next step the artist repeats the sketch on a block of boxwood, often using tracing pa per to transfer the main outlines Irom his preliminary drawing on paper. A coat of whitewash is brushed onto the block before the drawing, so that the pencil lines are more visible to the engraver. (There are several blocks in the collection that are uncut, so that the pencil drawing and wash can still be seen.) The engraver then goes to work, cutting away all the parts of the design that are to print white, leaving only the actual lines drawn by the artist in relief. Usually, the blocks were made up of two or three sections, which could be unscrewed and handed out to various engravers This practice was especially helpful for a periodical when there was a strict deadline. After the pieces were joined together again, a skilled engraver would go over the joinings and integrate the various sections so that the boundaries would not be visible. To ob tain the fine Imes necessary to make the print resemble an etching, metal engraving, or pen drawing, an engravers burin was used for the more delicate areas. (The burin is a metal tool with a diamond-shaped point that cuts a fine V-shaped groove into the wood.) To keep the directional grain of the wood from hindering the burin in cutting a smooth line, the end gram was used for the surface of the block rather than the side grain. It is the use of this tool and the use of the end grain that distinguish a wood en graving from a regular woodcut. The pnnting of the block is the same as for a woodcut. The surface of the block is inked and printed in relief. When the artisan has finished his work, he pulls a proof, or a trial printing, to present to the artist for his approval. (Writers on Victorian illustra tions generally refer to any impression that was not intended for a copy of the publi cation as a proof.) The most carefully printed proofs were done completely by hand on a fine paper which was called India paper. The paper was placed face down on the inked block, and the back of the paper rubbed or †¢ burnished with a spoon so that it would absorb the ink better. Other proofs were made on India paper, with a small press. Most of the proofs collected by Hartley arc on India paper, and a great many of them were burnished rather than printed with a press. It is on these artists proofs that one often finds the artists corrections of the engraver s work in pencil or white water color, or penciled instructions to the engraver, who then uses his burin to correct the areas indic ated by ihe artist. After the cutting is finally approved by the artist, a metal cast is made, called an electrotype. This is fastened to a wooden block and used in the actual printing of the publication along with the metal type of the text. The editions of the periodicals were so large that if the original woodblock relief had been used, it would have eventually flattened under the pressure of multiple printings. Of the blocks in the collection, five are electrotypes mounted on wood. When the published version was printed in a periodical, a title and the names of the artist and engraver were often added in type below the illustration. The process of color printing employs basically the same technique, but a block must be made for every color used, in addition to a block printed in black or brown that shows the basic outlines of the composition. Edmund Evans, the craftsman for Walter Crane. .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 , .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 .postImageUrl , .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 , .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7:hover , .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7:visited , .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7:active { border:0!important; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7:active , .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7 .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18b25debbdf1c6e6c42a0836d100c4d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Positive Behavior: Definition and Illustrations EssayRandolph Caldecott, and Kate Greenaway, cut the color blocks so that the colored spaces were not flat color but narrowly spaced parallel lines or other open pattern. Because of this, the printed colors had a paleness that approximated the effect of watercolor. A special advantage of this texture was that one color (yellow, for example) could be pnnted on top of another (blue) to get a third color (green), and so new colors could be made without cutting any new blocks. Some of the drawings made by the artists presented a problem to the engraver, in that the lines were not well defined, or the pencil or a wash was used to create a tonal effect that could not be reproduced in the black and white medium save by approxi mation. The role of the engraver was often that of interpreter by necessity, although some artists (who did not fully understand their own chosen medium) found the craftsmans interpretation of their work difficult to accept. John Tcnmcl, for example, always made his drawings with a 6H pencil, and the result is that they are pale and silvery, most unlike anything that actually appeared on the pages of Punch. He did not complain to his engraver but did admit to a weekly pang 1 when glancing at his own work in Punch, transformed from pale gray to sharp black and white. But he still de signed his cartoons in pale drawings rather than trying to approximate the appear ance of the finished work. In a more dramatic case, Dante Gabriel Rossetti became funous with the Dalziel brothers for transforming his designs for Tennysons Poems (1857). He was angry enough to be inspired to verse: О Woodman, spare that block! О gash not anyhow! It took ten days by dock. Id fain protect it now. Chorus—Wild laughter from Dalziels Workshop. And yet, the Dalziel brothers did some of the finest cutting of the sixties, as can be seen in Rossetti s own Minis o( t Hen-Mere. There are several instances where a series of steps toward one illustration can be assembled from the various parts of the Hartley Collection. One particularly fine ex ample is John Millaiss Lord lutton and Lidy Roberts for Anthony Trollopes novel framley Parsonage. There is a pencil drawing for the illustration which is in a highly finished state , the block, a proof on India paper , and the pub lished illustration in a bound volume of Comhill issues. The illustrated periodicals of the 1860s (including Once a Week, Cood Words, and Comhill) were vehicles for the publication of many sentimental stories and poems, illustrated with pictures that were in keeping with the melodramatic writing, but when drawn by the capable hands of Millais, Fred Sandys, or Fred Walker, had never theless a charm and sensitivity of their own, and they are interesting as art desp ite their sentimental subjects. Weekly serials were popular, with one or two wood en gravings illustrating the most emotional moment of the weeks story, such as a woman in tears over a fetter, or a deathbed scene. These stories must have had the same ap peal as the television soap operas of today to a public that depended on the illustra tions in newspapers, magazines, and books exclusively for their everyday visual enter tainment. The emotions expressed were simple but intense and perhaps served the purpose of allowing the somewhat restricted Victorian woman and child to enjoy an emotionally thrilling world vicariously, through stories and pictures. The readers de sire to identify with the stories emotions led naturally to a greater and greater de mand for realism in illustrations; thus, as soon as photography was technically able to replace wood engravings, it did so. But for thrs brief period, before final improvement in the new invention usurped the place of wood engraving in reproducing illustra tions, the inexpensive woodblocks made it possible for prints designed by first-class artists to reach the hands of the public in enormous numbers. It was the weekly ex pectation of finding a John Gilbert wood engraving in his mothers London lourml that led Hartley to accumulate his large collection of pictures. Harold T. Hartley was born in 1851, the year of the Crystal Palace Exhibition, and thus was a child of t he 1850s and 1860’s. He says in his autobiography, Eighty-eight Not Out (1939), that his interest in illustrations began when he was a child, and his collecting instincts made him clip out Gilbert’s engravings. When Hartley grew up, he was a producer of expositions in London, inspired by, but on a smaller scale than the Great Exhibition of 1851. His collection of clippings grew to a collection of proofs, drawings, and books. Hartley spent much time on this hobby, which he began in earnest in 1881. In his untiring search for proofs and drawings, Hartley met many of the 1860s artists and engravers, or their families. He carried on an extensive corre spondence with Frederick Sandys, Henry Holiday, the Dalziels, the Swains, and others. He was able to buy many things directly from the artists and engravers before they were sought after by others. In Eighty-eight Not Out he claims Long before 1901 I had ceased to be satisfied with cut-out pictures and became a purchaser of t he origi nal drawings, studies and artists proofs, many of the latter with notes and corrections. I can certainly claim to have been the first collector of these. The drawings, wood blocks, and marked proofs are unique items, and the burnished proofs are rare, as only a few of these would be made from the woodblocks themselves before the electrotype was made. In 1922 Hartley quoted a verse by Robert Brough to describe his incorrigible habit, dating from far-away boyhood. The Hartley Collection and Hartleys extensive knowledge of Victorian illustrations were shared with many alter the turn of the century in exhibitions, publications, and consultative duties. In 1901 he was asked by the Victoria and Albert Museum to be on the executive committee of a proposed exhibition of illustrations. He found the Vic toria and Albert lacking in some of the major books and periodicals of the era and helped them to build up their collection. He comments in his autobiography This was the first time that the penod known as the sixties was brought into any promi nence Enough time had elapsed that the illustrations of the sixties could be seen in art historical pe rspective, and shortly after the 1901 exhibition at the Victoria and Al bert came the first important book on the subject, Glccson Whites Illustrations of the Sixties (1905). .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 , .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 .postImageUrl , .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 , .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390:hover , .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390:visited , .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390:active { border:0!important; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390:active , .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390 .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8349c97c90d9ac1b160cd069567a5390:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Do I Write an Example/Illustration Essay?It was followed by many other books, articles, and collections of works by various artists reproduced by photomechanical processes. Many of these works are in the collection. The second important work. Illustrators ol the Sixties, by Forrest Reid, was published in 1928 with a foreword acknowledging the use of Hartleys col lection and his valuable suggestions springing from his expert knowledge of the sub ject 7 In the 1920’s the collection made a tour of exhibitions at galleries in Gteat Britain, beginning with the Tate Gallery in 1923 and including the Royal Academy, Whitechapel Ait Gallery. Manchester, and Glasgow in 19 25, where Walter Shaw Spar row acclaimed the collection as Single in kind and excellence. Besides his own autobiography. Harold Hartley published an article on Pinwell in The Print Collectors Quarterly (1922) and one on Lewis Carroll and His Artists and Engravers in a Carroll centenary exhibition catalogue (1932). Pinwell was one of Hartleys favorite artists; the collection contains a large group ol his proofs and draw ings, and Hartley made a separate collection of his watercolors. In Eighty eight Not Out, Hartley gives Pinwell high praise: Nothing he ever did could be said to be soul less; lacking, as it often does, the craftsmans touch, yet his work always possesses a sense of beauty, pathos and mystery of life which only the eye of the poet can pierce. To no other artist has a greater power been given to invest the humblest figures and scenes of daily life with a halo of poetry.’ Hartleys article on Carrolls illustrators also shows a special interest of his, but un fortunately most of the Carrolliana in the collection were sold elsewhere before Hart leys death. However, there remains a drawing on tracing paper by Henry Holiday for The Hunting of the Snark depicting the Snark himself as a sort of giant puffer fish , which was never used because Carroll had made the Snark strictly unimaginable and wanted him to remain so.1 Holiday says of his own drawing in a letter to Hart ley: You may rely on my drawing being strictly accurate. I pledge my word that 1 have never met with any-onc however critically disposed who was able to prove a single fault in it11 The only other representative of Carroll illustrations is a set of two proofs with pencil remarks by John Tcnnicl, showing Alices entrance into and exit from the looking glass. Hartley did not limit himself to acquiring only the works that future critics might consider the best or most interesting (such as those of the Pre-Raphaelites), but be cause he himself was essentially a product of the Victorian era, he collected what the Victorians considered the best and any illustration that might happen to strike his fancy, even though it was the work of a minor artist. The scope of the illustrations of the sixties is shown in the variety of illustrators whose work appears in the collection. There are works done before the 1860s that give a historical setting for the collec tion, including a drawing by Thomas 8ewick, who began the wood engraving boom, and a drawing by llablot K. Browne (better known as Phiz), whose work was transi tional between etched illustrations and wood engravings. Bewick stands well apart from later wood engravers because he was conscious of the inherent properties of the medium and used the effects of white lines on a black background. Later, the realiza tion that with careful cutting a wood engraving could come close to reproducing the black lines of an etching led to wholesale imitation of intaglio processes. Most of Phizs illustrations for the novels of Charles Dickens were etched, but by the 1840s, when he designed the second cover for Punch, it had become possible to obtain an imitation of his etching style, although the effect was not as free in linear movement. A representative of the artists who came after the sixties period is Aubrey Beardsley. Hartley acquired about a dozen comic drawings to illustrate Virgils Aeneid, drawn by Beardsley as a schoolboy, as well as three more characteristic black and white pen drawings for illustrations to Malorys Morte dArthur. The artists of every important group of illustrators are represented in the collection, from the cartoonists of Punch to the most solemn of the Pre-Raphaelites. Hartleys collection of proofs and drawings of Punch cartoons is particularly fine. Although he had no issues of the magazine itself, there is a bound collection of Punch Almanacs and several of the leather-bound annual Pocket Books, published by the Punch of fices. Punch was, in the nineteenth century, and still is, Englands foremost comic magazine. It was started in 1841 under the influence of the Parisian satirical periodi cals such as La Caricature and Lc Charivari, and was originally titled Punch, or the London Charivari. The Punch cartoons arc especially interesting as illustrations for several reasons. First, because of the popularity of the magazine, they represent the official public humor of the time, and, second, they arc often true illustrations in the sense that the joke or caption was invented by the Punch staff of editors and writers rather than by the artist himself, and the cartoonist merely illustrated an idea. A third reason is that even if the idea for the cartoon was the artists, these pictures are still a kind of illustration, not of a literary (heme but of the political and social events of the day. One of the two most important cartoonists in Punchs first fifty years was John Ten niel. His images of public figures such as Queen Victoria, Gladstone, and Disraeli, and allegorical figures such as John Bull, Britannia, Hibernia, the British lion, and the Rus sian hear were seen weekly in the large cut of Punch. They were sometimes in tended to be humorous (as the cartoon of Disraeli as an angel, fig. 5), and sometimes not (as in the cartoon of Britannia sympathizing with Columbia at Lincolns death), but they always served as a kind of crystallization of a current event, commemorating it or commenting upon it, in a particular language of visual symbols. Tenniel, with the help of John Leech before him, Charles Keene after him, and his own controlled neo classical drawing style, transformed the hbald cartoons of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century into something decent and palatable to the Vic torian public. The collection contains over a hundred onginal pencil drawings by John Tenniel, with a similar number of his proofs from Punch assignments, as well as a large number of drawings and proofs in the freer, looser style of John Leech. The proofs of Charles Keenes cartoons, more than a hundred, were considered by Hart ley* s son to be a prize part of the collection.